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October 2017 -
Volume 15, Issue 8
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View
this issue in pdf formnat - the issue
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| From
the Editor |
|
Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor) |
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Original Contribution/Clinical Investigation
Immunity
level to diphtheria in beta thalassemia patients
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93048
[pdf
version]
Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi, Karamatollah Rahmanian,
Abdolali Sapidkar, Hassan Zabetian, Alireza
Yusefi, Farshid Kafilzadeh, Mohammad Kargar,
Marzieh Jamalidoust,
Abdolhossein Madani
Genetic
Variants of Toll Like Receptor-4 in Patients
with Premature Coronary Artery Disease, South
of Iran
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93049
[pdf
version]
Saeideh Erfanian, Mohammad Shojaei, Fatemeh
Mehdizadeh, Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi, Abdolhossein
Madani, Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
Comparison
of postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing
coronary artery bypass surgery in two groups
taking aspirin and aspirin plus CLS clopidogrel
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93050
[pdf
version]
Ali Pooria, Hassan Teimouri, Mostafa Cheraghi,
Babak Baharvand Ahmadi, Mehrdad Namdari, Reza
Alipoor
Comparison
of lower uterine segment thickness among nulliparous
pregnant women without uterine scar and pregnant
women with previous cesarean section: ultrasound
study
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93051
[pdf version]
Taravat Fakheri, Irandokht Alimohammadi, Nazanin
Farshchian, Maryam Hematti,
Anisodowleh Nankali, Farahnaz Keshavarzi, Soheil
Saeidiborojeni
Effect
of Environmental and Behavioral Interventions
on Physiological and Behavioral Responses of
Premature Neonates Candidates Admitted for Intravenous
Catheter Insertion in Neonatal Intensive Care
Units
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93052
[pdf
version]
Shohreh Taheri, Maryam Marofi, Anahita Masoumpoor,
Malihe Nasiri
Effect
of 8 weeks Rhythmic aerobic exercise on serum
Resistin and body mass index of overweight and
obese women
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93053
[pdf
version]
Khadijeh Molaei, Ahmad Shahdadi, Reza Delavar
Study
of changes in leptin and body mass composition
with overweight and obesity following 8 weeks
of Aerobic exercise
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93054
[pdf
version]
Khadijeh Molaei, Abbas Salehikia
A reassessment
of factor structure of the Short Form Health
Survey (SF-36): A comparative approach
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93088
[pdf version]
Vida Alizad, Manouchehr Azkhosh, Ali Asgari,
Karyn Gonano
Population and Community Studies
Evaluation
of seizures in pregnant women in Kerman - Iran
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93056
[pdf
version]
Hossein Ali Ebrahimi, Elahe Arabpour, Kaveh
Shafeie, Narges Khanjani
Studying
the relation of quality work life with socio-economic
status and general health among the employees
of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
in 2015
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93057
[pdf version]
Hossein Dargahi, Samereh Yaghobian, Seyedeh
Hoda Mousavi, Majid Shekari Darbandi, Soheil
Mokhtari, Mohsen Mohammadi, Seyede Fateme Hosseini
Factors
that encourage early marriage and motherhood
from the perspective of Iranian adolescent mothers:
a qualitative study
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93058
[pdf
version]
Maasoumeh Mangeli, Masoud Rayyani, Mohammad
Ali Cheraghi, Batool Tirgari
The
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Existential Group
Therapy on Reducing Existential Anxiety in the
Elderly
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93059
[pdf
version]
Somayeh Barekati, Bahman Bahmani, Maede Naghiyaaee,
Mahgam Afrasiabi, Roya Marsa
Post-mortem
Distribution of Morphine in Cadavers Body Fluids
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93060
[pdf
version]
Ramin Elmi, Mitra Akbari, Jaber Gharehdaghi,
Ardeshir Sheikhazadi, Saeed Padidar, Shirin
Elmi
Application
of Social Networks to Support Students' Language
Learning Skills in Blended Approach
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93061
[pdf
version]
Fatemeh Jafarkhani, Zahra Jamebozorg, Maryam
Brahman
The
Relationship between Chronic Pain and Obesity:
The Mediating Role of Anxiety
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93062
[pdf
version]
Leila Shateri, Hamid Shamsipour, Zahra Hoshyari,
Elnaz Mousavi, Leila Saleck, Faezeh Ojagh
Implementation
status of moral codes among nurses
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93063
[pdf
version]
Maryam Ban, Hojat Zareh Houshyari Khah, Marzieh
Ghassemi, Sajedeh Mousaviasl, Mohammad Khavasi,
Narjes Asadi, Mohammad Amin Harizavi, Saeedeh
Elhami
The comparison
of quality of life, self-efficacy and resiliency
in infertile and fertile women
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93064
[pdf version]
Mahya Shamsi Sani, Mohammadreza Tamannaeifar
Brain MRI Findings in Children (2-4 years old)
with Autism
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93055
[pdf
version]
Mohammad Hasan Mohammadi, Farah Ashraf Zadeh,
Javad Akhondian, Maryam Hojjati,
Mehdi Momennezhad
Reviews
TECTA gene function and hearing: a review
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93065
[pdf version]
Morteza Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori, Fahimeh Moradi,
Raziyeh Karami-Eshkaftaki,
Samira Asgharzade
Mandibular
canal & its incisive branch: A CBCT study
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93066
[pdf
version]
Sina Haghanifar, Ehsan Moudi, Ali Bijani, Somayyehsadat
Lavasani, Ahmadreza Lameh
The
role of Astronomy education in daily life
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93067
[pdf
version]
Ashrafoalsadat Shekarbaghani
Human brain
functional connectivity in resting-state fMRI
data across the range of weeks
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93068
[pdf version]
Nasrin Borumandnia, Hamid Alavi Majd, Farid
Zayeri, Ahmad Reza Baghestani,
Mohammad Tabatabaee, Fariborz Faegh
International Health Affairs
A
brief review of the components of national strategies
for suicide prevention suggested by the World
Health Organization
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93069
[pdf
version]
Mohsen Rezaeian
Education and Training
Evaluating
the Process of Recruiting Faculty Members in
Universities and Higher Education and Research
Institutes Affiliated to Ministry of Health
and Medical Education in Iran
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93070
[pdf
version]
Abdolreza Gilavand
Comparison
of spiritual well-being and social health among
the students attending group and individual
religious rites
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93071
[pdf
version]
Masoud Nikfarjam, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani,
Abolfazl Khoshdel, Parisa Asmand, Forouzan Ganji
A
Comparative Study of Motivation for Major Choices
between Nursing and Midwifery Students at Bushehr
University of Medical Sciences
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93072
[pdf
version]
Farzaneh Norouzi, Shahnaz Pouladi, Razieh Bagherzadeh
Clinical Research and Methods
Barriers
to the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia:
A qualitative study of critical care nurses'
experiences
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93073
[pdf version]
Fereshteh Rashnou, Tahereh Toulabi, Shirin Hasanvand,
Mohammad Javad Tarrahi
Clinical
Risk Index for Neonates II score for the prediction
of mortality risk in premature neonates with
very low birth weight
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93074
[pdf
version]
Azadeh Jafrasteh, Parastoo Baharvand, Fatemeh
Karami
Effect
of pre-colporrhaphic physiotherapy on the outcomes
of women with pelvic organ prolapse
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93075
[pdf
version]
Mahnaz Yavangi, Tahereh Mahmoodvand, Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani
The
effect of Hypertonic Dextrose injection on the
control of pains associated with knee osteoarthritis
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93076
[pdf
version]
Mahshid Ghasemi, Faranak Behnaz, Mohammadreza
Minator Sajjadi, Reza Zandi,
Masoud Hashemi
Evaluation
of Psycho-Social Factors Influential on Emotional
Divorce among Attendants to Social Emergency
Services
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93077
[pdf
version]
Farangis Soltanian
Models and Systems of Health Care
Organizational
Justice and Trust Perceptions: A Comparison
of Nurses in public and private hospitals
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93078
[pdf
version]
Mahboobeh Rajabi, Zahra Esmaeli Abdar, Leila
Agoush
Case series and Case reports
Evaluation
of Blood Levels of Leptin Hormone Before and
After the Treatment with Metformin
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93079
[pdf
version]
Elham Jafarpour
Etiology,
Epidemiologic Characteristics and Clinical Pattern
of Children with Febrile Convulsion Admitted
to Hospitals of Germi and Parsabad towns in
2016
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93080
[pdf
version]
Mehri SeyedJavadi, Roghayeh Naseri, Shohreh
Moshfeghi, Irandokht Allahyari, Vahid Izadi,
Raheleh Mohammadi,
Faculty development
The
comparison of the effect of two different teaching
methods of role-playing and video feedback on
learning Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93081
[pdf
version]
Yasamin Hacham Bachari, Leila Fahkarzadeh, Abdol
Ali Shariati
Office based family medicine
Effectiveness
of Group Counseling With Acceptance and Commitment
Therapy Approach on Couples' Marital Adjustment
DOI: 10.5742/MEWFM.2017.93082
[pdf
version]
Arash Ziapour, Fatmeh Mahmoodi, Fatemeh Dehghan,
Seyed Mehdi Hoseini Mehdi Abadi,
Edris Azami, Mohsen Rezaei
|
|
Chief
Editor -
Abdulrazak
Abyad
MD, MPH, MBA, AGSF, AFCHSE
.........................................................
Editorial
Office -
Abyad Medical Center & Middle East Longevity
Institute
Azmi Street, Abdo Center,
PO BOX 618
Tripoli, Lebanon
Phone: (961) 6-443684
Fax: (961) 6-443685
Email:
aabyad@cyberia.net.lb
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Pocock
medi+WORLD International
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Phone: +61 (3) 9005 9847
Fax: +61 (3) 9012 5857
Email:
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| October 2017 -
Volume 15, Issue 8 |
|
|
Comparison of spiritual
well-being and social health among the students
attending group and individual religious rites
Masoud Nikfarjam (1)
Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani (2)
Abolfazl Khoshdel (3)
Parisa Asmand (4)
Forouzan Ganji (5)
(1) Assistant
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord
University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord,
Iran
(2) MSc, Deputy of Research and Technology,
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord,
Iran
(3) Associate Professor, Clinical Biochemistry
Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical
Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
(4) MSc, Provincial Health Center , Shahrekord
University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord,
Iran
(5).. Assistant professor of Community medicine,
Shahrekord University of medical sciences, Shahrekord,
Iran.
Correspondence:
Saeid Heidari-Soureshjani:
Deputy of Research and Technology,
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences,
Shahrekord, Iran
TEL.: +98 913 183 3509,
Email: heidari_1983@yahoo.com
|
Abstract
Background and Aim: Spiritual
well-being and social health are considered
important health aspects that have yet
been less frequently investigated. The
present study was conducted to compare
spiritual well-being and social health
between the students attending group religious
rituals and those attending individual
religious rituals.
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, 160 students
who were assigned to two groups, individual
religious rituals and group religious
rituals, were studied in 2016. The students
who performed religious rituals individually
(Group 1) were selected according to purposive
sampling and those who attended group
religious rituals (Group 2) selected by
convenience sampling. Data were gathered
by a demographics questionnaire, Student
Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and Social
Health Scale and analyzed by SPSS v 22.
Findings: The
spiritual well-being and social health
scores of group 2 was significantly higher
than those of group 1 (p=0.001 and 0.002,
respectively). The mean scores for all
spiritual well-being subscales in group
2 were significantly higher than those
in group 1 (p<0.05). Moreover, social
health subscales, except for family (p=0.56),
in group 2 were significantly higher than
those in group 1 (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
The mean scores for spiritual well-being
and social health were higher in the group
who attended group religious rituals.
Key words:
Spiritual well-being, social health, student
|
Spiritual aspect of health is one of the most
recently introduced concepts into the definition
of health. Regarding the significance of spiritual
aspects of health, we can argue that this aspect
is one of the integral parts of health that
was introduced into the health definition after
a meeting of regional leaders of the Eastern
Mediterranean (1), such that according to the
WHO, health refers to a dynamic state of complete
physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being
and not just the absence of disease and disability
(2). Most researchers argue for bi-dimensionality
of spirituality, i.e. religious and existential.
Religious spirituality refers to individual
concept of existence of or ultimate reality
expressed, according to religious style, and
the second aspect, i.e. existential spirituality,
is concerned with special psychological experiences
that are not indeed associated with the sacred
or ultimate existence (3). Spiritual well-being
is one of the aspects of spirituality and advocates
of the role of spirituality in promotion of
mental health argue that spiritual well-being
has been derived from a combination of two terms,
health and spirituality (4).
Spiritual well-being plays a peerless role
in maintaining and promoting health, because
this aspect of spirituality is addressed as
one of the integral and related components to
quality of life and health promotion (5-8).
Moreover, spirituality can be used to promote
quality of life and mental health among patients
with hard-to-treat diseases (9, 10).
Life satisfaction, general health, social function,
and social relationships are some of the important
predictors of spiritual well-being (5, 11).
Therefore, social health and other aspects of
health are integral parts of spiritual health
(12). This concept is not dissimilar to other
aspects of health and has unique characteristics
that can be derived from simultaneous combination
of a community’s thoughts and individual
characteristics (13). Indeed, social health,
as one of the health aspects, refers to ability
to conduct social roles effectively and efficiently
without any damage to others (14). This aspect
of health is influenced by certain determinants
such as economic policies and systems, development
plans, social norms, social policy, and economic
systems (15). In Iran, promotion of social health
is included in planning for reduction of poverty,
reduction of violence and unemployment rate,
increase in literacy levels, and increase in
insurance coverage (16).
Meanwhile, it is necessary to investigate religious
and spiritual aspects among the youth particularly
students, and conduct necessary interventions
(17). Students, as one of the pioneering strata
to achieve scientific purposes in any country,
are considered to be the community’s fulcrum
to optimize the cycle of knowledge generation
(18). Therefore, paying attention to their health
tenets is inevitable for prosperity and scientific
growth of the country. Social health and spiritual
health are some of the important factors for
student’s health that deserve further attention
(19-21). It is essential to investigate these
two aspects of health that have already been
less frequently studied. Moreover, no study
has yet been conducted to investigate this issue.
The present study was conducted to compare spiritual
well-being and social health between the students
attending group religious rituals and those
performing religious rituals individually.
In this cross-sectional study, 160 students
of a medical university in Shahrekord, southwest
Iran in 2016, were enrolled. The students who
performed religious rituals individually (group
1) were selected according to purposive sampling
and those who attended group religious rituals
(group 2) selected by convenience sampling.
To achieve this purpose, we detected the students
who performed religious rituals individually
with the help of a religious sciences lecturer
and enrolled them in the study. The inclusion
criteria for students attending group religious
rituals was being 19-30 years, actively and
regularly attending group religious rituals
such as congregation prayers and supplication,
and attending congregation prayer (at least
one of the Fajr, Maghrib, or Isha prayers) and
supplications. The inclusion criteria for students
attending individual religious rituals was being
19-30 years, not attending group religious rituals,
and not suffering from depression and social
phobia, according to medical diagnosis, and
any particular disease that makes one feel irritable
in public.
Uncertainty about the virtues of congregation
prayers Imam for the students who performed
their rituals individually and lack of consent
to participate in the study were considered
the exclusion criteria.
Data were gathered by a three-section questionnaire.
The first section of the questionnaire consists
of certain items such as age, gender, marital
status, economic status of the respondent and
his/her family, and field of study. The second
section is a student spiritual well-being scale
that consists of forty items to investigate
four subscales, i.e. relationship with God,
relationship with self, relationship with others,
and relationship with nature. The items are
rated by 5-point Likert scale from absolutely
agree to absolutely disagree with minimum and
maximum possible score of 40 and 200, respectively.
This scale was developed by Dehshiri et al.
and its validity and reliability have been investigated
for students. Dehshiri et al. reported Cronbach’s
alpha coefficient to be 0.81, 0.89, 0.81, and
0.80 for subscales relationship with God, relationship
with self, relationship with others, and relationship
with nature, respectively, and 0.86 for the
entire scale (22).
The third section of the questionnaire investigates
Iranians social health questionnaire in three
domains; family, surrounding people except for
family (relatives, friends, etc.), and community.
This questionnaire consists of 33 items that
are rated by a 5-point Likert scale from very
little to very much. The minimum and maximum
possible score for this questionnaire is 33
and 165, respectively. This questionnaire has
been ‘nativized’ to Iran and has acceptable
validity and reliability. The Cronbach’s
alpha coefficient of this questionnaire has
been derived 0.86 (23).
After ethical approval and code (no.IR.SKUMS.REC.1395.47)
were provided for the study protocol, the questionnaires
were administered to the participants. Data
were analyzed by descriptive statistics and
independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient,
ANOVA, and chi-square test.
A
total
of
160
people,
assigned
to
two
groups
of
80
each,
participated
in
this
study.
The
mean
age
of
group
1
(performing
religious
rituals
individually)
was
23.70±5.62
(range:
18-49)
years
and
that
of
group
2
(attending
group
religious
rituals)
23.98±6.44
(18-51)
years.
Independent
t-test
indicated
no
significant
difference
in
demographic
characteristics
between
the
two
groups
(P>0.05)
(Table
1).
The
mean
scores
for
all
spiritual
well-being
subscales
and
total
score
for
spiritual
well-being
in
group
2
were
significantly
higher
than
those
in
group
1.
Moreover,
the
scores
for
social
health
subscales,
except
for
family
(p=0.56),
in
group
2
were
significantly
higher
than
those
in
group
1
(p<0.05).
In
group
1,
spiritual
well-being
and
its
subscales
were
directly
and
significantly
correlated
with
social
health
and
its
subscales
except
for
relationship
with
God
with
surrounding
people
domain
(Table
4).
In
addition,
spiritual
well-being
and
its
subscales
were
directly
and
significantly
correlated
with
social
health
and
its
subscales
except
for
relationship
with
God
with
surrounding
people,
relationship
with
nature
with
surrounding
people,
family
domain
with
surrounding
people
domain,
and
community
domain
with
surrounding
people
domain
(Table
4).
Regarding
association
of
demographic
characteristics
with
spiritual
well-being
and
its
subscales,
the
findings
demonstrated
that
in
group
1,
there
was
a
significant
association
between
family’s
good
economic
status
and
relationship
with
others
(p=0.002),
but
there
was
no
significant
association
between
spiritual
well-being
subscales
and
gender,
marital
status,
and
field
of
study.
Besides
that,
in
group
1,
there
was
a
significant
association
between
family’s
good
economic
status
and
family
domain
(p=0.011)
and
surrounding
people
domain
(p=0.023),
but
there
was
no
significant
association
with
social
health
subscales
and
gender,
marital
status,
and
field
of
study
(p>0.05).
In
group
2,
a
significant
association
between
relationship
with
God
and
gender
was
seen
(p=0.017),
and
no
significant
association
of
spiritual
well-being
subscales
was
seen
with
marital
status
and
field
of
study
(p>0.05).
In
group
2,
a
significant
association
was
seen
between
community
domain
and
gender
(p=0.037).
Moreover,
family’s
economic
status
was
significantly
associated
with
community
domain
(p=0.042)
and
total
score
for
social
health
(p=0.018).
In
group
2,
social
health
subscales
were
not
significantly
associated
with
marital
status
and
field
of
study
(p>0.05).
Table
1:
Frequency
distribution
of
demographic
characteristic
in
the
two
groups
of
study
Table
2:
Comparison
the
mean
of
the
subscale
of
spiritual
well-being
and
social
health
of
the
two
groups
Significant
at
P<0.05
Click
here
for
Table
3:
The
correlation
coefficients
of
spiritual
and
social
health
and
well-being
subscales
in
group
1
Click
here
for
Table
4:
The
correlation
coefficients
of
spiritual
and
social
health
and
well-being
subscales
in
group
2
The
present
study
was
conducted
to
compare
spiritual
well-being
and
social
health
between
the
students
attending
group
religious
rituals
and
those
performing
religious
rituals
individually.
In
this
study,
the
means
scores
for
spiritual
well-being
and
social
health
were
higher
in
students
who
attended
group
religious
rituals.
Abbasi
et
al.
study
on
nursing
students
demonstrated
that
spiritual
well-being
in
the
fourth
year
was
not
different
from
that
in
the
first
years
of
education.
This
reflects
a
gap
between
education
system
and
promotion
of
spiritual
well-being
among
students,
which
deserves
further
attention
(24).
A
study
on
veterans
demonstrated
that
life
satisfaction
and
spiritual
well-being
were
directly
and
notably
associated
with
mediators
of
life
satisfaction
of
mental
health
among
the
veterans
and
social
health
was
indirectly
associated
with
these
mediators
(25).
Besides
that,
Gonzalez
et
al.
investigated
the
effect
of
spiritual
well-being
on
depression.
Spiritual
well-being
is
a
coping
mechanism
to
reduce
depression
symptoms
in
cancer
survivors
(10).
Desai
et
al.
found
that
performing
religious
rituals
could
be
effective
on
mental
and
social
health
among
the
studied
students
(26).
Therefore,
regarding
the
cited
studies,
it
can
be
argued
that
different
aspects
of
health
are
closely
related
to
each
other
and
disturbance
in
each
aspect
of
health
can
influence
other
aspects.
In
this
study,
it
is
clear
that
social
health
as
one
of
the
important
and
influential
factors
for
health
is
likely
to
lead
to
the
students’
attending
group
religious
rituals,
which
can
be
associated
with
higher
levels
of
spiritual
well-being.
However,
it
is
not
clear
whether
students’
lack
of
attending
group
religious
rituals
is
due
to
underlying
psychiatric
or
social
problems
such
as
depression
or
sociophobia.
This
issue
needs
to
be
investigated
in
future
studies.
In
the
present
study,
spiritual
well-being
and
its
subscales
were
directly
and
significantly
correlated
with
social
health
and
its
subscales,
but
in
group
1,
this
correlation
was
not
significant
for
relationship
with
God
and
surrounding
people
(except
for
family)
domain.
In
group
2,
spiritual
well-being
and
its
subscales
were
significantly
correlated
with
social
health
and
its
subscales
except
for
relationship
with
God,
relationship
with
nature,
family
domain,
and
community
domain
with
surrounding
people
domain.
A
study
found
that
lack
of
family
support
was
associated
with
declined
spiritual
well-being
particularly
peace
domain.
Therefore,
promotion
of
system
of
cancer
patient’s
caregivers
can
improve
spiritual
well-being
(27).
Regarding
the
above
mentioned,
social
relationships
in
the
students
are
likely
to
be
weaker
at
surrounding
people
domain
than
certain
domains
such
as
family
relationships,
which
may
influence
the
findings
of
the
current
study.
The
present
study
demonstrated
that
the
scores
of
spiritual
well-being
and
social
health
in
students
who
attended
group
religious
rituals
were
higher
than
those
in
the
students
who
performed
these
rituals
individually.
This
finding
was
also
applicable
to
different
aspects
of
spiritual
well-being
and
social
health
(except
for
family
domain).
Therefore,
it
is
recommended
to
perform
religious
rituals
in
the
universities
in
groups
as
much
as
possible
so
that
the
levels
of
spiritual
and
social
health
among
the
students
may
be
enhanced.
Acknowledgments
This
article
was
obtained
from
a
research
project
(approval
no.
2131)
by
the
Deputy
of
Research
and
Technology
of
the
Shahrekord
University
of
Medical
Sciences.
Hereby,
the
researchers
gratefully
thank
the
students
and
all
people
who
helped
us
to
conduct
this
study.
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