|
Pre-competition anxiety
score among Elite Boy Swimmers in Iran
Asghar Nikseresht (1)
Amir-Abbas Yabande (2)
Karamatollah Rahmanian (3)
Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi (4)
(1) Department of Sport Physiology, Islamic
Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom , Iran
(2) Student of Sport Physiology, Jahrom Azad
University, Jahrom, Iran
(3) Research Center for Social Determinants
of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences,
Jahrom, Iran.
(4) Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases,
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences,
Jahrom, Iran.
Correspondence:
Karamatollah Rahmanian, Research Center for
Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University
of Medical Sciences,Jahrom, Iran
Tel: +98 791 3331570; Fax: +98 791 3341509
Email: rahmaniank47@yahoo.com
|
Abstract
Introduction:
The present study was performed to measure
the precompetitive anxiety and its two
subcomponents (somatic and cognitive)
and its relationship with age, weight,
height and body mass index. Methods: This
is a descriptive study performed using
a demographic questionnaire and sport
competition anxiety test (SCAT) designed
by Martens consisting of 15 questions.
The study population consisted of 14 elite
boy swimmers. The questionnaires were
filled out by swimmers 30 minutes before
competition. The data were analyzed by
SPSS software, using pair t-test, student
t-test and linear regression test. Results:
The mean score of precompetitive, somatic
and cognitive anxiety was 17.93±3.25,
14.71±2.95, 3.21±0.97, respectively.
The percent of somatic and cognitive competitive
anxiety was not significantly different.
The results showed no significant relationship
between precompetitive, somatic and cognitive
anxiety with age, weight, height and body
mass index of swimmers (p>0.05). Conclusions:
Our study suggests that the swimming competition
equally effects on somatic and cognitive
components of anxiety.
Key words:
precompetitive anxiety, cognitive, somatic,
male, swimmer
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Anxiety is defined as a significant negative
effect (1) and is a common fact of everyday
life that plays an important role in human life.
Anxiety in athletes is common and is a physiological
response to a real or imagined threat. According
to Murphy over 50 percent of consultations in
athletes at an Olympic festival were related
to stress (2). The findings of Katkat in male
Judo, Karate and Taekwondo athletes (3), Raglan
et al in high school swimmers (4), Parnabas
and Yahaya in Malaysian athletes (5), Serhat
and Yildiz in Turkey elders wrestling national
team (6), Matsumoto et al in male elite judo
athletes (7), Singh et al among male inter-collegiate
badminton players (8), Mottaghi et al in the
futsal players (9) and Esfahani and Softlu among
volleyball players (10) suggest the existence
of sport anxiety in athletes.
Anxiety includes two subcomponent, cognitive
and somatic (11, 12). The somatic component
is often accompanied by physiological aspect,
which is related to negative symptoms such as
nervousness, elevated blood pressure, dry throat
and mouth, muscle tension, rapid heart rate
and sweaty palms (11-13). This type of anxiety
had no role in decreasing the performance (11,
14). But, the mental component of anxiety is
cognitive which is characteristic of fears about
performance, failure image, failure to concentrate
and disturbed consideration (11, 12).
The mean score of cognitive anxiety among runners
of different skills were 12.41 for national,
14.73 for state, 17.39 for district and 21.45
for university (15). The results of a study
showed that cognitive and somatic anxiety score
were 16.6 ± 3.7 and 15.4 ± 3.2
in 18 elite male basketball players, respectively
(16). According to Cooper, the somatic and cognitive
anxiety level was 14.08±3.87 and 17.95±4.16
among 37 youth classic soccer players with CSAI-2
questionnaire (17).
A positive amount of anxiety is required to
achieve a desirable task. Higher level of anxiety
physically inhibits performance by causing muscular
tension and disturbing coordination of the movements.
Recent research has shown that athletes suffer
stress which significantly affects mental health
(18). Nowadays one of the most challenging tasks
for athletes is how they improve psychological
behavior and performance in competitive sports.
It has been previously accepted that psycho-physiological
conditioning programs and traditionally skill
practices are of fundamental prominence in high-level
competitive sports, which highly affects an
athlete’s performance. Researchers showed
a significantly negative correlation between
anxiety scores and sport performance, that higher
anxiety levels impair sporting performance (15,
19, 20). Also, competition anxiety is negatively
correlated with sport experience, sport ability
and general physical competence (21).
Remco et al detected that cognitive state anxiety
but not somatic state anxiety was associated
with swimming performance in child swimmers
during competition (22). Also, Parnabas et al
showed that higher cognitive anxiety lowered
the sport performance (23). Even, Hatzigeorgiadis
and Chromi et al showed that intensity of cognitive
anxiety had low to moderate negative correlations
with approach coping strategies (24). Also,
Vosloo et al showed that compatible groups of
swimmers had a more facilitative clarification
of somatic anxiety and high levels of self-confidence
(25). Cognitive anxiety had a linear relationship
with performance, and somatic anxiety had an
inverted-U relationship with performance (26).
The aim of the study was to measure sport anxiety
and to examine the difference of subcomponents
of sport anxiety. Also the present study aimed
to determine the relationship of competitive
anxiety (cognitive and somatic) between some
variables (age, weight, height and Body Mass
Index) among elite boy swimmers.
The subjects for the present study included
14 elite boy swimmers with ages ranging from
10 to 13 years. A questionnaire to record some
data such as age, weight and height was used
by the researcher. The investigator used the
Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) questionnaire
for assessing sport competition anxiety approximately
30 minutes before competition. The SCAT questionnaire
consists of fifteen items of which five items,
including first, fourth, seventh, tenth and
thirteenth items are neutral questions and are
not scored. All items are rated on 3-points
Likert-type scale that varies from 1 (hardly
ever), 2 (sometimes) and 3 (often). The items
number 6 and 11 are scoring reversed, 1 (often),
2 (sometimes) and 3 (hardly ever). The competitive
anxiety score is computed by summing ten items
with 10 for low anxiety and 30 for high anxiety.
The questions 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15
were related to evaluation of physical or somatic
competitive anxiety level, and questions 3 and
5 were for cognitive competitive anxiety evaluation
(27). To compare the cognitive and physical
anxiety scores, the score obtained was expressed
as a percentage. The competitive score less
than 17 said low level of, 17-24 an average
level of and more than 24 a high level of anxiety.
The SCAT has also been extensively used in sports
research and shown to be both reliable and valid
(28, 29).
The athletes who met the selection criteria
were included and convinced that the information
provided by himself would be kept confidential
and would be used for research purposes only.
All the participants were informed of the study
objectives and how to complete the questionnaires.
Before the interview, written informed consent
was obtained from all of their parents, who
were assured that the information would remain
private, and they were told that they would
be allowed to leave the study at any stage if
they did not wish to continue. The athletes
were asked to read all instructions carefully
and give the answer of questions as exactly
as possible. All data were collected 30 minutes
before competition.
Subjects diagnosed with systemic diseases and
who had performed any intense exercise or consumed
alcohol for two weeks before competition were
excluded from the study.
The present study was approved by the Ethics
Committee of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.
The participants received oral information about
the study.
The data were analyzed by SPSS for Windows
(version 15; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL., USA),
and distribution of data was expressed in mean
and standard deviation. Pair (dependent) t statistical
test was used to examine difference of cognitive
and somatic score and student (independent)
t test was used for difference of anxiety subcomponents
and age, weight, height and BMI groups. Linear
regression test was used for relationship anxiety
components with age, weight, height and BMI.
Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05
for all comparisons.
Fourteen young elite male swimmers participated
in our study. Table 1 provides some data of
participants such as age, height, and weight
and body mass index.
The majority of the boys were 12 years old
(50.0%) and age varied from 10-13 years with
mean age of 11.71±0.82 years. The result
showed that 57.1% participants had BMI >19.5.
The response of subjects to Sport Competition
Anxiety Test is shown in Table 2.
Table 1: Demographic data of youth swimmer
players
* Standard Deviation
Click here for Table
2: Participants response to the Sport Competition
Anxiety Test
Table 3: Mean competitive anxiety scores
by some variables
With regard to the cognitive subscale, high-percentage
responses were identified when participants
were asked specific questions related to experiencing
cognitive anxiety previous to a competition.
When responding to “Before I compete I
worry about not performing well” 35.7%
and 28.6% of the participants responded hardly
ever or sometimes. Near 79% of participants
responded hardly ever or sometimes to the item
“When I compete, I worry about making mistakes.”
With regard to the somatic subscale, high-percentage
responses were identified when participants
were asked particular questions related to experiencing
somatic anxiety before competition. When responding
“Before I compete I usually get uptight”
about 86% of participants stated hardly ever.
When responding to “Before I compete I
am nervous” approximately 64% responded
hardly ever. Over 64% participants responded
hardly ever to the item “I get nervous
wanting to start the game”. Also, over
85% participants responded hardly ever to the
item “Before I compete, I usually get uptight”.
The overall mean score of sport anxiety was
17.93±3.25 among swimmers, that was higher
than 50% of total score (30 score). According
to classification of anxiety, 35.7% (5), 57.1%
(8) and 7.1% (1) of elite boy swimmers had low,
average and high level of sport anxiety 30 minutes
before competition, respectively.
Our result showed that the percentage of somatic
sport anxiety (61.31±12.28) is not significantly
different to cognitive component (53.51±16.25)
among male elite swimmers (Table 3). Also, our
results revealed that the average somatic and
cognitive anxiety score was not significantly
different for the boy swimmers aged 10-11 years
over boys aged 12-13 years, with a difference
of 2.30 (p=0.081). Our results revealed that,
although the average somatic anxiety score appeared
to be slightly higher for the participants with
height less than 155 cm, weight <
45kg and BMI<19.5 over than other groups,
height >155 cm, weight >45 kg and
BMI >19.5, scores between the two
groups were not significantly different. Based
on the results we found no significant differences
between the cognitive anxiety with age, height,
weight and BMI groups.
The linear regression test revealed that the
somatic and cognitive anxiety scores were not
significantly related to age, weight, height
and BMI.
The
study
was
designed
to
measure
and
compare
the
level
of
cognitive
anxiety
and
somatic
anxiety
in
a
sample
of
14
elite
male
swimmers.
Our
result
found
that
the
precompetitive
anxiety
score
was
at
an
average
level
(17.93±3.25)
and
59.77%
of
total
score
in
swimmers.
As
stated
by
SCAT
scale
score
(17-24),
individuals
have
an
average
level
of
anxiety
which
is
good
in
psychological
terms.
The
precompetitive
score
was
higher
than
in
a
study
conducted
by
Sahu
((30)
in
20
male
batsmen
(16.35±2.03)
and
20
male
bowlers
(16.20±2.95),
Sil
(31)
in
23
male
basketball
players
(17.13±2.83),
Kerketta
(32)
in
30
volleyball
male
players
(18.66±2.82)
and
30
soccer
male
players
(17.85±3.74),
Mottaghi
et
al
(9)
in
soccer
players
(16.79±2.10),
Schaeferet
al
(33)
in
164
male
golfers
(15.57±3.96).
But
the
results
of
Saxena
and
Sathe
(34)
in
30
urban
school
state
level
male
players
(18.63±3.71),
Kumar
(35)
in
30
male
basketball
players
(20.79±0.64)
and
Matsumoto
et
al
(7)
in
43
male
judo
athletes
(22.05±3.77),
were
higher
than
our
result.
Precompetitive
anxiety
is
dependent
upon
factors
such
as
skill
level,
experience
and
general
level
of
arousal
in
daily
activities.
Avramidou
et
al
found
that
the
competitive
environment
increased
the
intensity
of
somatic
anxiety
and
decreased
the
level
of
self-confidence
in
the
twenty
swimmers,
whereas
cognitive-anxiety
intensity
was
not
significantly
different
(36).
Parnabas
et
al
identified
the
negative
correlation
between
cognitive
anxiety
and
sport
performance
in
swimmers
(37).
Although,
the
percentage
of
somatic
anxiety
score
was
higher
than
percentage
of
cognitive
score,
there
is
no
significant
different.
This
result
is
similar
to
reports
by
Halilaj
et
al
(38)
and
Agaoglu
(39).
Adversely,
Mehdipoor
et
al
(40)
suggested
more
cognitive
anxiety
score
than
somatic
component
of
anxiety
among
college
athletes.
Also,
Soltani
et
al
indicated
that
cognitive
sport
anxiety
was
significantly
higher
than
somatic
anxiety
among
team
sport
and
individual
sport
athletes.(41).
The
cognitive
anxiety
score
in
a
study
conducted
by
Parnabas
et
al
(37)
was
lower
(16.34
of
36)
in
15
district
swimmers,
than
in
our
finding.
However,
according
to
Drive
theory,
the
presence
of
audience
for
low
skilled
athletes,
during
the
sport
competition
could
increase
their
cognitive
anxiety.
Cognitive
anxiety
is
the
extent
to
which
an
athlete
worries
or
has
negative
thoughts,
and
the
negative
thoughts
may
include
fear
of
failure,
loss
of
self-esteem
and
self-confidence.
It
could
lead
to
poor
performance
of
an
athlete
in
competition.
It
may
start
before
a
competition
in
the
form
of
pre-competitive
anxiety
that
might
affect
performance
throughout
the
competition.
The
relationship
between
cognitive
anxiety
and
performance
was
explained
best
in
Multidimensional
Anxiety
Theory.
This
theory
explains
that
cognitive
anxiety
effects
performance.
The
relationship
between
cognitive
anxiety,
where
an
athlete
experiences
worries,
negative
thoughts
and
fear
of
failure,
will
affect
the
performance
(42).
According
to
Martens
and
researchers
(14),
somatic
A-state
anxiety
may
be
classified
as
a
common
response
to
competition
and
can
cause
no
necessary
harm
to
performance.
Unfortunately,
an
increase
in
cognitive
A-state
anxiety
in
an
athlete
can
cause
concentration
and
focus
disruption
and
a
mental
development
of
worry
and
self-doubt.
A
lack
of
focus
and
concentration
while
participating
in
sports
can
negatively
affect
overall
performance.
Possible
causes
of
cognitive
A-state
are
negative
verbal
feedback,
lack
of
readiness
for
competition,
a
negative
attitude
towards
a
previous
poor
performance,
or
negative
expectations
from
other
individuals
such
as
team
members,
coaches,
and
family
members.
Significant
differences
are
not
noticed
between
the
precompetitive,
somatic
and
cognitive
anxiety
with
age,
weight,
height
and
BMI.
Also,
Schaefer
et
al
found
that
the
age
of
golfers
did
not
effect
on
their
competitive
anxiety
(33).
Inversely,
Modrono
and
Guillen
(43)
reported
a
significant
relationship
between
age
and
cognitive
anxiety.
Also,
the
results
of
the
Taner
et
al
study
(21)
pointed
out
that
age
is
a
one
of
the
important
factors
in
determining
competition
anxiety.
Das
and
Ghosh
(44)
show
that
middle
adolescent
and
late
adolescent
players
differ
significantly
from
each
other
and
late
adolescents
are
found
more
anxious
than
middle
adolescents.
Ferreira
et
al
(45),
Agurre-loaiza
and
Bermudez
(46)
and
Mottaghi
et
al
(9)
showed
that
there
was
a
significant
inverse
(negative)
relationship
between
the
competitive
anxiety
levels
and
age.
This
may
have
been
the
result
of
the
older
athletes
having
had
more
experience
than
their
younger
counterparts.
As
a
conclusion
of
the
study,
the
somatic
and
cognitive
anxiety
is
equal
in
the
elite
male
swimmers
30
minutes
before
competition,
and
the
factors
of
age,
weight,
height
and
body
mass
index
have
no
effect
on
somatic
and
cognitive
anxiety.
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