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July 2020 -
Volume 18, Issue 7

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From the Editor

Editorial
A. Abyad (Chief Editor)
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Original Contribution

Physical activity guidelines awareness and counselling practice in relation to health care providers’ knowledge and behaviour in Qatar
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mohamed Ghaith Al-Kuwari, Ahmad Muslim Al-Hamdani , Wadha Ahmad Al-Baker
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93828

Satisfaction among patients attending the continuity of care clinic in West Bay health center in Qatar
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mohamed Salem, Amal Al-Ali, Lolwa Al-Maslamani, Hisham El-Mahdi, Shumoos Abed, Mustafa Abugesiesa, Safa Qaissi, Sahar Omer, Eman Abuhzima
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93829

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of self-medication among Undergraduate Medical Students in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Reham Al-Jamea, Asseil Bossei, Hanan Al Zhrani, Faisal Bossei, Wed Faiz, Maaly Alqurashi, Hydi Ahmed
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93830

What a low prevalence of diabetes mellitus between the most desired values of high density lipoproteins in the plasma
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley Pocock
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93831

Population and Community Studies

Evaluation of Postpartum Stress in Breastfeeding and Non-breastfeeding Mothers of Kathmandu, Nepal
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Kharel Sushil, Raut Binod, Mainalee Mandira
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93832

Osteoporosis in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Patients
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Jinan Q. Mohammed, Abdulsatar J. Mathkhor, Alaa H. Abed
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93833

COVID-19 in Pakistan: A Grim-looking Trajectory
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Salman Tariq, Naveen Tariq, Waris Qidwai
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93834

Review

Diabetes Management in Ramadan – A Clinical Review
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Jazeb Razaq, Shayaan Ahmed Saqib
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93835

Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management
Part 3 : Diagnosis , Symptoms, and Prognosis of Parkinson’s Disease
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Abdukrazak Abyad
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93836

Case study

Haemoperitoneum in undiagnosed fundal placenta percreta in a third trimester pregnancy presented in labor: A case report
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Nansi Dari Alfayez, Taghreed Mohammed Aldajeh, Mohmmad Abed Al-rahaman AL-harasis, Ahmad Saad Kharabsheh, Khalil Abdel Wahhab Al-Tamimi
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93837

Original Clinical Research

Post-stroke Delirium: Meta-analysis of Frequency
Saleha Al-Jadidi, Martin Cole, Alina Dyachenko, Antonio Ciampi
[Abstract]
[pdf]
DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93838


Middle East Quality Improvement Program
(MEQUIP QI&CPD)

Chief Editor -
Abdulrazak Abyad MD, MPH, MBA, AGSF, AFCHSE
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Editorial Office -
Abyad Medical Center & Middle East Longevity Institute
Azmi Street, Abdo Center,
PO BOX 618
Tripoli, Lebanon
Phone: (961) 6-443684
Fax:     (961) 6-443685
Email: aabyad@cyberia.net.lb
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Publisher -
Lesley Pocock
medi+WORLD International
AUSTRALIA
Email: lesleypocock@mediworld.com.au
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Editorial Enquiries -
abyad@cyberia.net.lb
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Advertising Enquiries -
lesleypocock@mediworld.com.au
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While all efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this journal, opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Publishers, Editor or the Editorial Board. The publishers, Editor and Editorial Board cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; or the views and opinions expressed. Publication of any advertisements does not constitute any endorsement by the Publishers and Editors of the product advertised.

The contents of this journal are copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Australian Copyright Act, no part of this program may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher.
July 2020 - Volume 18, Issue 7

Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management
Part 3 : Diagnosis , Symptoms, and Prognosis of Parkinson’s Disease

Abdulrazak Abyad

CEO, Abyad Medical Center, Lebanon.
Chairman, Middle-East Academy for Medicine of Aging
President, Middle East & North Africa Association on Aging & Alzheimer’s
Coordinator, Middle-East Primary Care Research Network
Coordinator, Middle-East Network on Aging

Correspondence:
Dr Abdulrazak Abyad
Email: aabyad @cyberia.net.lb

Received: May 2020; Accepted: June 2020; Published: July 1, 2020. Citation: Abdulrazak Abyad. Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management. Part 3 : Diagnosis , Symptoms, and Prognosis of Parkinson’s Disease. World Family Medicine. 2020; 18(7): 59-69 DOI: 10.5742MEWFM.2020.93836

Abstract

Parkinson disease is a clinical diagnosis. For the condition, there are no laboratory biomarkers, and findings on routine magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans are unremarkable. Medical diagnosis involves 2 of 3 cardinal signs: Resting tremor Bradykinesia and Rigidity. Parkinson’s disease often has a multitude of non-motor symptoms; some may precede the diagnosis, while others may occur early or late after the diagnosis is made, depending on motor features. Careful attention to the history is needed in patients with Parkinsonism to exclude secondary causes such as medication, toxins, or trauma. Medicines that block receptors of striatal dopamine, such as metoclopramide and neuroleptics, can cause drug-induced parkinsonism. Parkinsonism can also be caused by other chemicals, such as MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine) and manganese (at high exposure). Practical laboratory testing for PD is not available; the diagnosis is based on the clinical characteristics or excluding other causes of parkinsonism. However there are some promising developments in radiology.

Key words: Parkinson’s disease, pathophysiology, epidemiology, management, diagnosis, symptoms, prognosis

 







 


 
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